Special Education Law And Policies Essay - 2027 Words

Part 2: Special Education Law and Policies For the state of Indiana as an administrator I need to familiarize myself with the Special Education Rules Title 511 Article 7 Rules 32-49 (Indiana Dept. of Ed, 2014). Article 7 was brought to my attention by my special education coordinator at Laurel School Mrs. Christy Sheehan. This article will help me access the guidelines of Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) and the Individual Education Programs (IEP) along with the instruction from Mrs. Sheehan. This article will help me indicate what key areas I need to know as a future administrator. As I become an administrator I know I will have to familiarize myself with the entire 134 page article, but for now I will focus in on five areas. This article and area of study is new to me being a physical education teacher that isn’t familiar with all the laws of special education. It can be overwhelming looking into this document, but as an administrator I need to familiarize myself wi th all aspects of education. When diving into the article the first area I noticed that would help me as a future administrator was identification of homeless students and how to identify them. This issue probably isn’t discussed by many in our class. As a Title I, educator I have experienced a lot of students who do not have the best home life. At Laurel School we have several students who do not live with their guardian’s full time and bounce from home to home. As an administrator I need knowShow MoreRelatedSpecial Education Laws And Policies Essay2321 Words   |  10 Pagesnumber of topics that relate to law, policy contemporary issues: Standards Accountability, IDEA, NCLB, ESSA, Advocacy, Inclusion/Collaboration, Positive Behavior Supports, Parental Involvement/Home-school Connection, and Cultural Responsiveness in Special Education. Some individuals familiar with these topics and their stand point on Special Needs Education and others have are clueless. It is imperative to â€Å"be in the know† of Special Education laws and policies. Part of what makes everythingRead More The Individuals with Disability Education Act Policy Essay example1602 Words   |  7 PagesDisabilities Education Act (IDEA), which is a supersession of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 is a federal law which requires states and their school districts to provide individuals with disabilities a free and appropriate education. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. US Department Of Education (n.d.) The populationRead MoreEssay about Full Inclusion in US Classrooms766 Words   |  4 Pagesput pressure on our government and legislation to develop and provide equal access to education by way of mainstreaming or special education. Section 504 of Public Law 93-112 passed in 1973 had far reaching effect on exclusion and discrimination. (Gollnick and Chinn p. 168) This law did for those with disabilities that Title IX did for females and education; it provided access and participation in regular education and extracurricular activities; liberties that every American has come to expect. Read MoreThe Ethics Of Special Education1062 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Ethics of Special Education, Howe and Miramontes (2014) outline pressing issues facing special education and provide a framework for discussing ethical challenges. The authors present case studies around personal, institutional, and policy issues. Each case includes analyses and explanation by Howe and Miramontes that provide the reader with a more comprehensive understanding of the ethical issues. The intent of Howe and Miramontes (2014) is to raise the level of thinking about ethicalRead MoreRights, Laws, and Policies for Children with Special Needs691 Words   |  3 Pagesenrolled in public schools in the U.S. were identified as children with disabilities or special needs (Ben-Porath, 2012, p. 25). Current legislation, such as the Individuals with disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA), is designed to ensure these students get appropriate education in an environment that is inclusive and the least-restrictive possible. This best environment for students with special needs is not a physical place, but represents a philosophy to guide practitioners inRead MoreStudents With Special Needs Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowed when dealing with students in special education who receive instruction through their individualized education plan (IEP). These students in special education a re protected under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) which is legislation that presides over the special education process for students until they reach the legal age of twenty-one. These laws that ensure that special education students receive a quality, free education but they can complicate the disciplineRead MoreLaws And Regulations Of A Child With Disabilities980 Words   |  4 PagesLaws and regulations pertaining to a child with disabilities are continuously changing. Though many of these changes over time are beneficial to the well-being of most students, there are some changes that spark debate on whether or not the change being implemented is actually beneficial to the students. This is the case with one particular law. In 2015, a law was enacted generating schools to phase out of standardized testing with modifications catered to students with special needs or intellectualRead MoreEvolution of Special Needs Essay example993 Words   |  4 Pagesin the shoes of parents with special needs children. I have two beautiful healthy daughters and to think about being pregnant and expecting to deliver your bundle of joy and when she arrives you find out something is wrong. You can look at her and tell she is different, but you just do not want to accept it. It saddens me to think how any parent would feel in this situation. In my research about the historical evolution of special education I found most special needs children were sent a wayRead MoreSpecial Education Laew and Litigation Essay1095 Words   |  5 PagesSPE-350 Special Education Litigation and Law Benchmark Assessment and Rubric Targeted Essential Learning * Special education teachers must know legal liabilities and rights pertaining to student, parent, and teachers. Special education teachers recognize that special education practice is heavily regulated and are able to define relevant laws and policies that related to specific special education. (APTS 8, 9; INTASC 1; CEC 1, 9) Assessment Tool Selected * Essay Specific Performance/Task(s)Read MoreHandbook Of Leadership And Administration For Special Education992 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership and Administration for Special Education. New York, NY: Routledge. Text Purpose The authors have organized this handbook into five sections that address critical issues in special education leadership. The first section focuses on general topics related to leadership for learning. These areas include the importance of raising the performance of all students in an era of accountability, historical and conceptual issues in leading and administrating special education, professional leadership standards

Financial Crisis A Global Crisis Essay - 1729 Words

Overview: The 2008 financial crisis is notably one of the worst financial disasters in American history. It began with a large financial bubble, in which many investment, real estate, and insurance companies made millions. When the bubble burst, stock markets fell, these companies collapsed, and economies of supposedly strong nations were brought to their knees. Not only did the financial crisis severely affect the economy of the United States, but the international markets as well. At the time of the burst, many international stock markets fell, making this US financial crisis become a global financial crisis. A global recession took place, and the US national debt doubled. Unemployment rose by ten percent. While the peak of the crisis was during the years of 2007 and 2008, the drastic effect on the economy the crisis caused is still recovering. Causes: There are several factors that contributed to the initial beginning of the 2008 financial crisis. Before the crisis, there was a giant increase in real estate. As buying real estate became increasingly popular in the marketplace, many real estate agencies and mortgage companies wanted to be sure they could share in the profits. Mortgage loans became increasingly popular, so lenders began to hand out massive amounts of loans to keep the demand for real estate strong and broaden home ownership in America. To better serve the demand for real estate (or so they thought), lenders began selling subprime mortgage loans. SubprimeShow MoreRelatedThe Global Financial Crisis And The Crisis Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Global Financial Crisis, also known as The Great Recession, broke out in the United States of America in the middle of 2007 and continued on until 2008. There were many factors that contributed to the cause of The Global Financial Crisis and many effects that emerged, because the impact it had on the financial system. The Global Financial Crisis started because of house market crash in 2007. There were many factors that contributed to the housing market crash in 2007. These factorsRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis : Crisis1213 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Financial Crisis In July of 2007, the global financial crisis was initiated from the property market in the United States. The crisis was criticized regarding to a security called sub-prime mortgages. Sub-prime mortgage is an idea created by the financial institutions to gain more profit by easily giving loans to lower income borrowers or low credit rating borrowers. When the borrowers default the loan, the bank then have the right to take away the ownership of the property and sell it forRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis642 Words   |  3 PagesThe Global Financial Crisis has had a huge impact on the global economy. The American housing market collapses, the house price drops significantly and the bank is losing lots of money, however, people are not pursued in court for money or declared bankruptcy. People tend to spend less on the due to their houses worth less than the bank has loaned originally and some of them are still committed to clearing off their mortgages. This causes less activity in housing market and sales market, hence moreRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis1580 Words   |  7 PagesIn the following essay, I will briefly summarize some of the main events leading up to the global financial crisis. Following this, I will discuss the effect this had on the banks and ergo the credit supply, then examine how this contributed to t he corporate failure. I will also pay some attention to how the market imperfection can affect firms real decisions. Finally, I will sum up the main points of the essay. The banking panic of the fall of 2008 set economies around the world into a severeRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis1408 Words   |  6 Pagesis explained the occurrence of the global financial crisis in 2008. It has shown that lots of companies have bankrupted and millions of people lose their jobs and homes around the world. Such as United States, Iceland, England, France, Singapore and China. There is a sentence in this film has make me impressed, which is â€Å" the poorest always pay the most.† The director has separated this film into five parts, which are How we get there, The Bubbles, The Crisis, Accountability and Where we are nowRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis711 Words   |  3 PagesThere is no smoke without fire. The global financial crisis caused from hundreds of thousands of decisions and changes from different areas. The America government, Wall Street and the Rating Agencies put on this world-shaking show together. And to be more specific, the top officials in politics and finance pull strings behind the senses. Applying Mintzberg’s ten management roles model as a frame, the America government, Wall Street and the Rating Agencies are correspondingly divided into three categoriesRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis2317 Words   |  10 PagesDuring the run-up to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) 2008 there were numerous contributing factors. One can observe the start of the crisis as a cascading timeline starting possibly decades earlier with the chan ge to a deregulatory culture. The prevailing political environment in the lead up to the financial crisis was one of de-regulation with a focus to economic expansion. This political imperative towards deregulation started under President Reagan in the US and culminated at the turn of theRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe global financial crisis has raised many concerns for the need to restructure the approach of risk and regulation in the financial sector (KPMG 2011). Figure. 4 has shown the structures of Basel III. It aims to increase the capital and liquidity of banks and therefore maintaining the stability in banking sector with full effect in 2019 (Banks For International Settlements 2011). EUROPE - Preparedness On 26 June of 2013, Capital requirement regulation (CRR) and directive(CRD) has been adoptedRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis 1067 Words   |  5 PagesThe best evidence so far for the existence of an American empire, despite denials to the contrary, is the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). The persistent removal of restrictions and oversights on the domestic financial system of the US, combined with the decisions of individual firms, other governments and foreign financial organisations, culminated in the singe largest depreciation of assets and currency valuations in history, surpassing even the Great Depression in its extents. The United StatesRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis3204 Words   |  13 PagesThe Global Financial crisis, which is believed to have begun during July 2007 due to a credit crunch was caused because there was a large liquidity crisis due to lack of confidence amongst the US investors in judging the value of the subprime mortgages. (Davies, 2014) Now let’s look at what happened at the 2008 global financial crisis. I am not getting into the details but just giving a simple overall picture of what went wrong. The years just before the crisis saw a flood of irresponsible mortgage

Lord of the Flies Antrhopology Free Essays

Thomas Hobbes was one of the most controversial philosophers of all time. He argued that the, â€Å"Life of man [is] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short† (Hobbes 77). Clearly he didn’t think that humanity was a good group of beings. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies Antrhopology or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the Lord of the Flies by William Golding, one character, Jack Merridew, displays many characteristics of Hobbes’ philosophy on man. Time after time, Golding subtly refers to Hobbes’ philosophy through Jack and his reactions with other characters in the book. After Golding introduces the boys, they want to elect a chief, and already, Golding is using Hobbes’ anthropology. In Hobbes’ Leviathan, he states, â€Å"And therefore, if any two men desire the same thing which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies† (Hobbes 76). The two main contenders for the chief position are Ralph and Jack. Jack fervently believes that he should be chief, and he says, â€Å"’I ought to be chief,’ said Jack with simple arrogance, ’because I’m chapter chorister and head boy. I can sing C sharp’† (Golding 15). Fortunately, Ralph is elected chief, and Jack is disappointed. This simple election creates the dispute between the two boys for the whole book. Ralph and Jack cannot share the position, and both cannot enjoy it, so Jack begins to have an aversion to Ralph. Hobbes’ philosophy basically predicted that this would occur. They both wanted a thing, leadership, and one got it, making them both enemies. This enmity that Jack has eventually pushes him to the point of wanting to kill Ralph in order to lead the island without opposition. This craving for murder also demonstrates another philosophical point by Hobbes. Far later in the book, Jack’s relations with Ralph once again clearly display one of Hobbes’ points. In Leviathan, Hobbes writes, â€Å"In all times kings and persons of sovereign authority, because of their independency, are†¦ in the state and posture of gladiators, having their weapons pointing and their eyes fixed on one another† (76). After Jack splits from the tribe in order to make a new one, he immediately sees the other tribe as a threat. He even literally has his weapons pointed at Ralph in one scene specifically, in which the two leaders are dueling. The narrator narrates, â€Å"Jack made a rush and stabbed at Ralph’s chest with spear. Ralph sensed the position of the weapon from the glimpse he caught of Jack’s arm and put the hrust aside with his own butt† (Golding 159). Even though Hobbes may have intended this to be figurative without the actual leaders fighting, but their armies doing their work, this seems to fit the same kind of description. Hobbes really means that kings, or in this case chiefs, are always looking to fight each other , always ready for battle, always looking to rid themselves of their opponents. In the same way, Jack is always looking to fight Ralph, always ready for battle against Ralph, always looking to rid himself of Ralph. Golding ultimately connects Jack to Hobbes through Jack’s lack of mercy and justice. An unknown author composed a summary of Hobbes’ argument pertaining to this subject, and wrote â€Å"The state of nature†¦ was founded upon a savage egoism which drove man to seek a maximum of pleasure without hindrance from a norm of justice or mercy toward other men. Every man was continually engaged in war against all other men† (Paragraph 9). Throughout the book, Jack fastidiously tries to not offer mercy or due justice to people. In one instance, Ralph pleads for mercy upon the twins, Sam and Eric. The narrator says, â€Å"’Grab them! ’ No one moved. Jack shouted angrily. I said ‘grab them’! ’ Their spears were taken from them. ‘Tie them up! ’ Ralph cried out hopelessly against the black and green mask. ‘Jack! ’† (Golding 161). The key word of this scene is â€Å"hopelessly. † This simple word makes Ralph’s plea seem impossible; henceforth, Jack is not giving mercy at any cost. Ja ck wants the twins to leave Ralph and join his tribe. This essentially gives him pleasure because he knows that Ralph is hopeless. Whatever plea Ralph makes will not be granted because it will hinder his pleasure. Justice will not be served because it will hinder his pleasure. Mercy will not be served because it will hinder his pleasure. Hobbes directly says that people will not give justice or mercy when it will hinder his own pleasure. For Jack, to offer mercy is to rid himself of pleasure; therefore, he will not give the mercy according to Hobbes’ philosophy. Golding clearly thought of Hobbes’ philosophy when he was contriving Jack. Jack displays almost all of the qualities that a human being should display according to Hobbes. First, his enmity toward Ralph is solely based on a thing that he can’t have, which is what Hobbes predicted would happen. Second, he and Ralph, because they are both opposing leaders, have weapons pointed at each other, symbolizing how opposing leaders always quarrel with each other according to Hobbes. Third, his lack of mercy and justice for those who deserve it is nonexistent because it will hinder his pleasure according to Hobbes. In conclusion, in almost every act that Jack does, he relates back to Hobbes’ philosophy pertaining to human nature. Works Cited â€Å"The Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. † 1998. The Radical Academy. 15 March 2010. lt;http://www. radicalacademy. com/philfthomashobbes. htmgt;. Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. The Harvard Classics. 1904-14. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. I used passive voice because the subjects are more important than Jack, who would be doing the action. (This isn’t rhetoric, it’s just and explanation) [ 2 ]. I used epistrophe to emphasize the point that Jack will not do the things that will hinder his pleasure [ 3 ]. I used antithesis here to kind of show a cause and effect. If he was to offer mercy (the cause) then he would accept defeat (effect). It seemed more logical to use antithesis right here than other forms of rhetoric. How to cite Lord of the Flies Antrhopology, Papers

Will Essay Example Essay Example

Will Essay Example Paper Will Essay Introduction A Will is a Legal document that sates the right of the person who takes over one’s property at the event of death. It clearly states who takes what and the amount assigned to him or her. Everybody has a right that is protected by law of writing a will and it should be taken as a responsibility. Karen and Nigel ( 2004 ) explains that the main functions of a will includes, naming a guardian for children who are minor, naming a trustee and giving him or her the responsibility of of handling an estate on behalf of minor children and naming representative to take care of all the decedent’s affairs from when he dies to the time when the estates are settled.TYPES OF WILLSBarry ( 2006 ) states various types of wills which includes,Ø Attested Will : The most common will that is witnessed by two witnesses and signed by the testator who is the owner and a witness.Ø Conditional Will : It is a will with conditions and those conditions must be met. When there is no other will a nd the conditions stated are not met intestacy is applied. For example, A person may set a condition that if she dies of breast cancer 30% of her estate be donated to breast cancer research and the other 70% to her children. Amanda ( !997 ) explains that in situations where the lady do not have another will, the estate will be like one without a will and that is how it will be treated.Ø Holographic Will : This is a handwritten will, written by the owner and it has no witness or a witness signature.Ø Joint Will : It is a will involving two people who come together and make a single will. In situations like when one person dies, the will passes on the estate of the deceased to the partner.If both passes on the will show how the estates will be distributed. This type of will prevents theremaining partner from changing how the estates will be divided upon his or her deathØ Living Will : The will is used when the testator’s consciousness can not be restored due to illness or as a result of an accident.Ø Mirror Will : An identical or almost identical will made up by two people. If one dies everything goes to the other and in situations when both dies the estates goes to their children or to the named beneficially.Ø Mutual Will : Two separate wills sharing reciprocal provision. For Example, A married couple may have 2 identical wills, one signed by the wife with the other being signed by the husband.Ø Nuncupative Will : This is spoken and not written will. It is done orally.Ø Pour-Over Will : A will that explains how left out assets should be dealt with. It gives a provision of how left out assets are transferred to Trust assets. They will have to go through probate before going to trust.Ø Testomentary Trust Will : A trust is provided under a will but it is not effective until the testator dies.CONTENTS OF A WILLA will should contain the following,Ø assets and their estimated values.Ø Beneficially : The people to benefit from the assets in the event of the testator’s death.Ø Guardian : The person responsible to take care of any under eighteen children.Ø Executors : They are people who will carry out the testator’s wish in the event of their death.WHEN TO PLAN A WILLWhen one owns property, be it personal, for Example, Cash, Stocks, Jewelry and Furniture, orreal property like land and houses, he or she should plan a will stating who to take what and the amount in the event of their death. If a married couple is involved, each spouse should have a will.VALID WILLA valid will is made by a person who is at least eighteen years old and is of sound mind. The person must be free from emotional stress and be in good health. He or she must understand the nature of properties they own, their value and the person they want to leave them to in the event of their death.REQUIREMENT OF A VALID WILLA valid will must,Ø Be in Written form, dated and signed.Ø The testator must not be forced to write, t hey must act voluntarily and be free from any influence. They should at least be eighteen years old and of sound mind.Ø A testator must append his/her signature witnessed by 2 people.Ø Be witnessed by two legally competent individuals who should sign it and should not necessarily know the content of the will.BENEFITS OF A WILLA will can help to discover things like,Ø Name of the testator’s spouses, sons, daughter, grandchildren and other beneficiaries in the will.Ø Gives a clarification of the relationships with the beneficiaries.Ø States the burial place and burial instructions of the testator.Ø States the occupation of ancestor’s when a will is passed on from one generation to another.Ø Identifies the testator’s favorite children.Ø Prevents conflicts between family members as each struggles to get the best from the deceased assets.WRITING A WILLArkell and goose ( 200 ) outlines important factors that needs to be considered before starti ng the task of writing a will. The factors are,Assets : All personal assets should be listed down, For Example, bank accounts, houses, land,vehicles, jewelery, Investment accounts and retirement accounts. After listing them down indicate an estimate value of each assetTaxes : Find out if there is any inheritance or estate taxes in your country. If there there is, read and understand them carefully.Beneficiaries : Make a list of all people whom you would like to benefit from your assets in the event of your death.Allocation of Assets : Using the list of beneficiaries prepared determine who gets what andwhat amount. State clearly the allocation of assets to avoid misunderstandings between them, give some reasons as to why each beneficially got what they got.Executor : An executor is a person who takes the responsibility of carrying out the testator’s wishes in the event of their death. The writer should decide on who to execute the will. Thismust be a person whom the writer tru st and is honest and should be able to execute the will.Guardian : Decide on who to take care of your children who are under eighteen in the event of death. An alternative guardian should also be decided on to assist in bringing up the minors. The testator could also write some guidelines on how he or she would like the monors to be brought up. This guidelines should be attached to the will.Trustee or Estate Guardian : This is the person who will manage and take care of the testator’s estates. The testator could also write a manual on how he would like the estates to be managed.Where to keep the Will : The will should be kept in a safe place which is well protected and the place should be easily accessible. The testator should decide on how to keep the will beforehand.10. The executors should be informed and updated on the location of the will.CHANGING OR REVOKING A WILLA will can not be changed after the death of the testator. Any changes can be done before his or her death but after that the will becomes effective. According to Maple and Eliopoulos ( 2002 ), the testator should periodically revise his or her will to update it by reflecting any changes like marriage, birth of new born and owning of more properties. Baines ( 2006 ), states that a simple document known as Codicil is usually used to make any necessary changes or the whole will may be redrafted. To make sure that the required changes are legal and properly made, an Attorney must be consulted.UPDATING A WILLA valid will is one that is periodically reviewed and updated as different circumstances and conditions changes. Changes that may necessitate updating of the will includes,Ø Family Changes : This could be as a result of birth, death, divorce, marriage or adoption.Ø Substantial Changes : It is due to changes in the amount and kind of properties owned.Ø Tax laws changes : Occurs when the government make some changes in the tax laws.Ø Residence Change : It occurs when one chang es from one geographical to another.Ø When the trustee or guardian can no longer serve may be due to his or her death or may be terminally sick.Ø The testator may decide to make changes on how the wealth should be divided.LONGEVITY OF A WILLA will becomes effective when the testator dies and it remains valid until it is legally revoked orchanged. In certain situations like divorce or death the will sets aside the former spouse unless advised otherwise by the maker. Summer and Gibson (1986 ) states that a valid will must be periodically reviewed to ensure that it is updated in respect to any changes that comes along and that it matches the maker’s intention.CHALLENGING A WILLA will may be challenged by a person who believes either that the will is invalid or he or she has not been allocated enough assets as stated in the will.KEEPING THE WILL SAFEA will is a very important document that needs to be handled with care and that needs to be kept safely. It contains the final word of the fate of one’s properties which have been attained after long labor and much sacrifices thus it should be respected and protected. It should be kept in a safe place like Bank’s safe deposit vault,at home or with a solicitor. The place should be accessible but well protected and safe. The maker should prepare another copy that states instructions of where the original will is stored. The instructions includes, Bank account numbers, Insurance policies, Credit cards and other financial details.SERVICES OF AN ATTORNEYSince a will is a very important document, it’s writing may be complex hence writer needs the help of a well informed person. The process is very critical and it may require legal knowledge, very informed decision-making and may even require co-ordination with some estate planning documentsWILL APPROVALThere are three main factors that determines which court will approve a will, The factors are,Ø The place where the testator died.Ø The total value of the assets.Ø How the assets have been distributed to the beneficially geographically.Reference ListAmanda Bevan, 1997, Tracing Your ancestors In The National Archives, Genealogical Publishers.Arkell, Evans and Goose, 2000, Understanding and Interpreting The Probate Records, New York, Alpha Books Publishers.Baines K. Barry, 2006, Putting Your Values On Paper, Wales, DA Capo Press.Chambers Paul, 2006, Research Your Family History, Pascal, Pascal Publishers.Derek Fazaka, 2004, Wills And Estates, Canada, Emond Publication.Gibson and Churghil, 2002, Probate Jurisdictions- Where To Look For Wills, Ireland, Genealogical Publishers.Jeremy and Wycherley, 1986, Probate Jurisdictions- Where To Look For Wills, Ireland, Genealogical Publishers.Karen G. and Nigel, 2004, Wills And Other Probate Record, Canada, Emond Publication.Maple and Eliopoulos, 2002, Guide To Wills And Estates, New York, Alpha Publishers.Stuart Raymond, 1997, Words From Wills And Other Probate Records, Cana da, Emond Publication. Will Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Discuss Hardys Portrayal Of Women In The Withered Arm Essays

Discuss Hardys Portrayal Of Women In The Withered Arm Essays Discuss Hardys Portrayal Of Women In The Withered Arm Paper Discuss Hardys Portrayal Of Women In The Withered Arm Paper Essay Topic: Literature The withered arm is a short story about two women who live in the English countryside. The two main women in the text are portrayed negatively by the author, Thomas Hardy. The story was written in the 19th century and thus it was acceptable to portray women negatively in this patriarchal society. At the beginning of the text Hardys attitude towards women is made clear. The women are only given low paid menial jobs such as milking cows. The milkmaids are all working under the control of the dairyman. The dairyman has to stop the women from gossiping when he says get on with your work or twill be dark afore we have done. His authority over the women brought an end to their conversation. Rhoda is portrayed as jealous in the first part of the story. She is very curious about Farmer Lodges new wife and gets her son to report back to her on Gertrudes appearance. She tells her son you can give her a look, and tell me what shes like. The women talk with lower class, common dialect showing that they are less educated than Farmer Lodge who speaks standard English. Rhoda shown as poor in the description of her house: It was built of mud walls. The surface of which had been washed by many rains. This contrasts Rhodas poverty with Farmer Lodges wealth, emphasising male dominance. Her appearance is described as pale and thin. The villagers see Rhoda as some sort of witch. They tell Gertrude that if anyone knew of Conjurer Trendles whereabouts it would be Rhoda. The reader knows Rhoda has supernatural powers because she injures Gertrudes arm through her dream. The same negative phrases are repeated throughout the story, such as thin and worn. This emphasises how women are inferior to men. It can be argued that women are not portrayed negatively. Gertrude is introduced to the reader very positively. Her dialect is one of an educated person compared to Rhodas. She is described by Rhodas son as very pretty and a lady complete. Light imagery is used several times. She is described as the light under a heap of rose petals. When she leaves Rhodas house it seemed as if a light had gone from the dwelling. Hardy uses pathetic fallacy when Gertrude arrives in the village. She arrives while the sun was yet bright. This repeated light imagery suggests that Gertrude is a good person who will bring light to the village. Gertrude is a generous, kind and friendly person. This is shown when she goes to Rhodas house to give shoes to her son. Gertrude and Rhoda get on well despite Rhodas hatred towards her. This shows how friendly Gertrude is and how much of a good person she is. Gertrude is modest as she coloured up more than ever for shame at the noise that her dress was making. Farmer Lodge is portrayed negatively here because he seemed pleased by the noise the dress was making. So it can be argued women are not portrayed negatively in the story. However, Hardy only portrays Gertrude positively at first to contrast her good qualities with Rhodas bad qualities and thus emphasise them. Also, by portraying Rhoda so positively at the start it emphasises her downfall at the end of the story. She becomes selfish, vain, and associates herself with witchcraft by visiting Trendle. So although Hardy shows Gertrude to be good, this is only a literary device used to show how bad she really is. Hardy has an old fashioned view of women that was typical of 19th century society. His view of women is reflected in the text as they are portrayed as inferior to men. Women were expected to be child-bearers. This is shown when Hardy writes about Gertrudes negative characteristics: She had brought him no child Hardy sees this as a reason why Gertrudes marriage is falling apart and why farmer Lodge doesnt love her anymore. In the text women are portrayed as if they were only objects of beauty. This is made clear when Gertrude arrives in the village and Farmer Lodge tells her you must expect to be stared at, just at first. The villagers would stare at her beauty without caring about how this made her feel. Women are weak and helpless in the story. Gertrude has trouble with her stereotypical weakness when she wants to go to town: There was no animal that could be considered a ladys mount This shows that women are so much weaker than men that they cannot ride the same horses. Trendle believes Gertrude will have trouble carrying out his instructions because he says they are hard to carry out, and especially for a woman. Womens subservience to men is also shown in the text. Gertrude fears Farmer Lodge so much that the fear of her husbands anger made her reluctant to breathe a word. Women are portrayed as evil characters. Hardy uses pathetic fallacy to show this when Gertrude and Rhoda go to see Conjurer Trendle: Thick clouds made the atmosphere dark This emphases the evil deed the women are doing by going to see Trendle and associating themselves with witchcraft. Hardy not only portrays women negatively, but he also portrays men positively to juxtapose the genders. The contrast of good and bad emphasises the womens negative qualities. Farmer Lodge is the main male character in the story and is portrayed positively throughout. At the start of the story he is described as a yeoman in the prime of life and has thriving farmers features, compared to Rhoda, the thin, worn milkmaid. Farmer Lodge is also portrayed as being above Gertrude because he has authority over her when he insisted upon [Gertrude] going to [a doctor] about her arm. Other men in the story are also shown positively, such as the dairyman who has manly kindliness. The ending of the story shows how men were believed to be superior because Farmer Lodge prospers while Gertrude and Rhoda suffer. Gertrude became bent and her once abundant hair white and worn away, Gertrude dies, whereas Farmer Lodge ends up a chastened and thoughtful man The entire story is based around Gertrudes withered arm. The problem with her arm brings about her downfall and causes Rhoda to leave the village. The injury is a physical manifestation of Rhodas hate for Gertrude, showing how women are evil and full of hate. It shows how jealous and bitter women can get because they all ant men to look after them. It is also significant that it was Farmer Lodge who was to blame for the withered arm however it was his innocent wife who received the punishment. This shows womens subservience to men. Thus to conclude, Hardy portrays women negatively, and men positively in The Withered Arm. His attitude to women reflects the patriarchal society he was a part of. Before the 20th century his misogynist opinions were considered normal.

How to Apply for College in the US as an International Student

How to Apply for College in the US as an International Student SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips According to the Institute of International Education, almost 975,000 international students studied at colleges in the United States last year. If you’re hoping to be one of those students, then this guide is for you. To help you through the college application process, this guide will go over all the steps you need to take, from translating your transcript to taking the TOEFL. Before jumping into the process of international student admissions, let’s review how your application process is the same as a U.S. student's and how it’s different. Applying to College: International vs. Domestic Students As an international student, you'll largely take the same steps to apply to U.S. colleges as students from the U.S.You'll just need to add a few extra steps to account for differences in languages, school curriculum, andgrading systems. Below, you'll find an overview of the main similarities and differences between applying for college as an international student in the U.S. and applying as a domestic student. How Applying Is the Same Many of the steps you’ll take to apply to college in the U.S. are the same ones that domestic students take. You should apply to several schools to increase your chances of getting accepted. Eight to nine is a good number, but some students apply to even more. You’ll apply by an early deadline, usually in November of senior year, or a regular deadline, usually in January or February of senior. Some schools have even later deadlines that fall in the spring or summer. You might use the Common Application or Universal Application, both of which can just be filled out once and sent to several schools. If any of your prospective colleges don’t accept those applications, then you’ll fill out a separate one. Your application will contain your personal information, like your name and date of birth, as well as any extracurricular activities, jobs, or internships. You’ll also send a personal essay, one or more letters of recommendation, a transcript with your high school grades, and, for most colleges, SAT or ACT scores. A few colleges also ask you to answer supplemental essay questions, which call for shorter responses than your mainpersonal essay. The bulk of the application process is the same for international and domestic students, but international college students do have to take some additional steps. Read on to find out what these steps are. How Applying Is Different There are a few extra steps if you’re applying as an international student. First, you might have to take the TOEFL if you’re from a country where the official language is something other than English. The TOEFL (or its alternative, the IELTS) is a test that demonstrates your English language proficiency. Second, you may need to get your transcript and any other academic credentials evaluated by an approved organization. This evaluation puts your courses and grades into U.S. terms so that admissions officers can understand them. If financial aid is important to you, then you’ll have to figure out whether you can obtain aid directly from colleges. Federal financial aid is only available to U.S. citizens. You might also apply foroutside scholarships. Finally, you’ll need to sort out the legal requirements of living in the U.S. by applying for a student visa. Usually, you apply for your student visa after gaining admission to a college and accepting a place in the next class. Now that you have a sense of the unique requirements for international student admission, let’s dive into the application process, step by step. Read on to learn how each piece of the international student application fits together! How to Apply to College as an International Student Many colleges are seeking to make their campuses more globalizedand welcome international applicants. At the same time, there aren’t as many spots available for international students in the USA as there are for domestic applicants, so you shouldmake sure you understand the college process and can send off the strongest application possible. Colleges vary in their individual policies and requirements, but for the most part, they all ask for the same materials. Most collegesask forthe following: Application High school transcript SAT or ACT scores TOEFL scores Personal essay (and any supplemental essays) Letters of recommendation Many of these components take months or even years to prepare, so college planning should start early in high school. Let’s talk about each of these application components in detail, along with tips for preparing each. The Application You can think of your application - the actual forms that contain your personal information - as the umbrella that covers all the other documents you’ll send. Each school has its own application, but many accept the Common Application and/or the Universal Application. These are both free services that allow you to fill out just one application and send it to several schools. Colleges that don’t accept these applications, such asstate schools in California and Texas, have their own application systems. Regardless of whether you use the Common Application or a school-specific application, you’ll find that both look pretty similar. Applications will ask for your personal information, like your name, address, schools attended, and any extracurricular activities. If your school requires an essay, then you’ll usually paste your essay into your application. You may also invite recommenders via email to upload their reference letters. While creating an account and filling out your application is free, submitting it requires a fee. Some schools have no application fee while others cost as much as $80 or $90. The average application fee is around $35 to $40. If the fees are burdensome, you may be able to obtain a college application fee waiver from the colleges that you’re interested in. Below you’ll find a few more tips to help you prepare your college applications. Tips for Your College Application Preparing to apply to college is a process that can start at the beginning of high school. Colleges will look at all four years of your classes, grades, and extracurricular involvements, so it helps to consider your college goals as you make choices throughout 9th, 10th, th, and 12th grade. Most students apply to several colleges; typically, eight or nine is a good number. That way they can maximize their chances of getting accepted. Students usually apply to two to three safety schools, or ones where their credentials are well above that of the average accepted student. They also apply to schools to which getting accepted is more challenging - usually two to three match schools and two to three reach schools. The application forms themselves are not all that time-intensive. You should give yourself at least a month before your deadlines to fill them out and proofread for any errors. As an international student, you might be in a good positionto emphasize any language skills or unique multicultural experiences that you have. The aspects of your application that require months, if not years, of planning, are your SAT/ACT scores, TOEFL scores, essay, and letters of recommendation, as you’ll learn more about below. First, let’s consider another piece of your college application, your high school transcript. Depending on college policy, you might need to translate your transcript. High School Transcript To determine admission, colleges look closely at high school grades. To show schools this important information, you’ll send an official transcript. Usually, your school must send your transcript in a sealed envelope. For some schools, you can send your transcript directly. Others will ask you to get it translated and certified by an official credential service. If your school uses a different grading system than the 4.0 scale used in the U.S., then you may have to send off your transcript for evaluation. This transcript service may cost around $100. The company should be a member of NACES, the National Association of Credential Evaluation Services, like World Education Services, Inc. Some colleges will allow you to use unofficial translators. Tufts, for example, says â€Å"Acceptable translators include English teachers or other school officials, professional translators, or a local EducationUSA office. Students do not need to utilize credential evaluation companies of any sort.† Read on a few tips for sending your high school transcript to U.S. colleges. Tips for Your High School Transcript Colleges look at your grades throughout high school, as well as your course selection. They consideryour commitment to your academics, your progress in particular subjects, and the extent to which you challenged yourselfwithhigher level courses. Each college sets its own admissions policies, so make sure to research each school on your list about what it wants you to do with your transcript. You should be able to find this on the international admissions page on its website. If you can’t find this information online, you should email or call the admissions office directly. If you need to use an evaluation service, then you'll have toplan especially early. These services typically take about seven business days after receiving your documents. You might start the process about a month before your deadlines to make sure everything arrives in time. In addition to your grades, your SAT or ACT scores are another important part of your college application. Below we'll take a closer look at thestandardized testing partof your college applications. Schools may be very different from one another,so standardized tests, like the SAT and ACT, are usedto bridge the gap. SAT or ACT Scores For most four-year U.S. colleges, your SAT or ACT scores are an important part of your candidacy. Colleges consider both tests equally, so it’s up to you to decide which one you’d rather take. Some colleges additionally require SAT Subject Tests, though they usually waive this requirement if you send ACT scores. While you can self-report your scores on your application, you’ll need to send official score reports via your College Board (for the SAT) or ACT, Inc (for the ACT) accounts. If you send multiple score reports, many colleges will â€Å"superscore† your results, or take your highest scores by section and recombine them into the highest possible composite score. The SAT and ACT require lots of prep and planning, and we have tons of resources to help you achieve your target scores. For now, let’s go over a few of the most important tips for planning for these important tests. Tips for the SAT and ACT The SAT and ACT are challenging tests, and both require a lot of prep to do well. To start your planning, you first need to decide which test to take. Familiarize yourself with their similarities and differences, and choose the one on which you can gain the higher score. Then, you canset a goal for yourself. Determine your target scores based on personal goals and your colleges’ expectations. Most colleges publicize the average SAT or ACT scores of accepted students, and you can also find this information on PrepScholar’s database of schools by searching for "name of college + PrepScholar."Once you know the average, you can aim for an even stronger score to be a competitive candidate. You might start your prep with a timed practice test to gauge your current scoring level and diagnose your strengths and weaknesses. Depending on how much you seek to improve, you can figure out how long you need to study. A score improvement of only 30 points on the SAT may just call for about 20 hours of studying, for example, while a score improvement of a few hundred points could require over 150 hours. Lots of students take the SAT or ACTmore than once to achieve their target scores. As mentioned above, many colleges superscore your results,so you don’t have to worry about increasing your score in one section but decreasing in another. If retaking the SAT or ACT is in your plans, then you’ll need to leave yourself enough opportunities to retest. You might take the SAT or ACT for the first time in your sophomore year. That way, you can take it again as a junior, and even in the fall of senior year if you seek improvement. Your SAT and ACT scores show that you have the academic skills to succeed at the college level. If you’re a non-native English speaker, then you may also have to take the TOEFL to demonstrate that you have college-ready English language skills. Hope you're feeling chatty! The TOEFL will get you speaking in English. TOEFL Scores If your native language is something other than English, then you may have to take the TOEFL (or its counterpart, the IELTS) to demonstrate your English language proficiency. Unlike the SAT or ACT, the TOEFL is computer-based in most countries. Its scoring scale ranges from 0 to 120, and it tests your Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing skills. Many schools require a minimum TOEFL score. If you don’t have the requisite TOEFL scores, then the rest of your application doesn’t matter! The TOEFL is definitely a test to be taken seriously if you want to study at a U.S. college. Like the SAT or ACT, you could take the TOEFL more than once to achieve your target scores. Here are just a few examples of colleges with a TOEFL requirement. The TOEFL iBT is the internet-based test; the less common TOEFL PBT is the paper-based test, and its scoring scale ranges from 310 to 677. College TOEFL iBT TOEFL PBT American University 100 600 Boston University 95 550-600 Harvard 100 600 Northeastern 79-80 550 Penn State 90 550 UCLA 87 560 A few schools will waive the TOEFL requirement if you achieve a minimum score on the verbal sections of the SAT or ACT. Because these sections require strong English skills, they can sometimes act as a stand-in for the TOEFL. As with every other part of your application, you’ll need to research each college of interest to learn about its stance and plan accordingly. Below you’ll find a few more tips for planning for the TOEFL. Tips for the TOEFL As an international student, you may have the double challenge of prepping for the both the SAT or ACT and the TOEFL. You’ll have to set aside time to study for both tests and arrange a testing schedule that works for you. Like the SAT or ACT, you may want to start studying at least three months before your first test date. Set aside several hours each week to review with high-quality practice materials and take practice tests. The earlier you start, the more available test dates you’ll have to retake the TOEFL if need be. If you have strong language skills early in high school, then you might consider taking the TOEFL in 9th or 10th grade. Then you can devote even more timeto other tests and application components. If you wait until later in your high school career, then you should take the time to devise a study plan that balances your time between both the TOEFL and the SAT (or ACT). In addition to your grades and test scores, admissions officers are also interested in learning more about you as a person. One way that they accomplishthis is by reading your personal essay. Your college essay can be about whatever you want! This one about the megastore, Costco, got its writer into five Ivy League schools. College Essays Many 4-year colleges claim to use a holistic admissions process, in which they consider not just your grades and test scores, but also your personal qualities and motivations. One way that they get to know you as a person is through your personal essay. In your personal essay, you’ll typically be asked to reflect on a meaningful experience in your life and how it shaped your identity. What you choose to write about should reveal something significant about your values, and your essay as a whole will show your writing style and thought process. If you use the Common Application to apply to colleges, then you’ll choose one of five prompts for your essay. Here are just three examples of Common Application essay prompts: The lessons we take from failure can be fundamental to later success. Recount an incident or time when you experienced failure. How did it affect you, and what did you learn from the experience Reflect on a time when you challenged a belief or idea. What prompted you to act? Would you make the same decision again? Discuss an accomplishment or event, formal or informal, that marked your transition from childhood to adulthood within your culture, community, or family. As you can see, the essay prompts ask you to share something personal and meaningful. Schools that don’t use the Common Application will likely have their own essay prompt. They might look similar to the ones above or simply ask why you want to attend the college and to describe some of your future goals. Some colleges, especially the more selective ones, will ask additional supplemental essay questions. These are shorter in length, perhaps a few paragraphs or less, and vary by school. They might ask why you want to attend the school or to talk about a favorite book or artist. Some are abstract, like Tufts’ question, â€Å"What makes you happy?† Others are kind of random, like the University of Virginia’s recent prompt, â€Å"To tweet or not to tweet?† Whatever the supplemental questions, they vary by college and should not be overlooked. Below you’ll find a few tips for writing your college essays. Tips for Your College Essays The college essay is a unique piece of writing. It requires you to be introspective and to share something that’s meaningful to you on a personal level. The best essays tend to zero in on a particular experience that reveals something significant about the writer’s identity. The personal essay’s a challenging assignment, so you should give yourself several months to work on it. You might take several weeks to brainstorm the right topic. Once you come up with a draft, you might share with teachers, friends, and families for feedback. Ultimately, though, the essay should be in your voice and stay true to who you are. As an international student, you may be able to bring unique multicultural experiences or language skills to campus. Your essay’s a great opportunity to share your perspective and show admissions officers why it should be represented on campus. Supplemental essays, while not as lengthy as the personal essay, are also an important part of your application. Probably the most common mistake that students make with supplemental essays is rushing through them and producing generic answers. Your supplemental essays should be specific and customized to each school.They’re typically an opportunity for you to show what you know about the college and your particular reasons for wanting to attend. While admissions officers learn about you from your personal essays, they also get to know you through your recommendation letters. Rather than hearing your voice, they hear what your teachers and/or counselor have to say about you. Ask a teacher who's happy to paint a flattering picture of you in her letter of recommendation. Letters of Recommendation The final important piece of your college applications isyour letters of recommendation. Requirements for reference letters vary; some colleges don’t ask for any, while others ask for one, two, or even three. Usually, colleges want to see one or two recommendations from teachers and one from your school counselor. If you don’t have a counselor, then you might get one from a principal or other administrator. You’ll choose your recommenders and ask them if they’d be willing to provide you with a recommendation. Then you’ll invite them to submit their letters through your online application. Your recommendation letters should speak to both your academic and personal qualities. Like your essays and the rest of your application, they should give admissions officers insight into your strengths and skills as a student, as well as your personality and character. In addition to our in-depth guides on recommendation letters for college, you’ll find a few tips below. Tips for Your Letters of Recommendation Just as you should give yourself plenty of time to write your college essay, you should give your recommenders sufficienttime to write your letters. You should ask your recommenders at least one month before your deadlines. You might also ask at the end of junior year. It’s best to ask teachers who had you recently and for a whole year; junior year teachers tend to be a good bet. If your teachers write in another language, then you’ll have to get your letters translated. The best letters come from educators who know you well, so you should ask teachers with whom you have a strong connection. You might also share your own thoughts and ideas via conversation and a â€Å"brag sheet,† a document you can prepare to help your teachers. You couldtalk aboutyour favorite classes, significant experiences, and academic and personal goals for college. For many colleges, your recommendation letters are a very important part of your college application. Admissions officers are sifting through many strong applicants and trying to gain a clearer idea of who you are as a person. Your recommendation letters are a great opportunity to showcase your positive relationships with your teachers and successes in school. Now that we’ve gone over the main parts of your college application - the application itself, transcript, standardized testing scores, essays, and letters of recommendation - let’s consider some final tips for applying to college as an international student. Keep these final tips in mind as you make plans togrow academically and personally at a U.S. college. Applying to College as an International Student: 3 Final Tips Applying to college is a complex process, and it becomes even more complicated for international college students due to additional steps, like taking the TOEFL and having your materials translated and certified. By familiarizing yourself with the entire process, you can make sure that you have enough time to prepare all your materials by the deadline. With this knowledge, you can produce a competitive application that will secure you a spot at a U.S. college. As you work your way through the steps, remember these three key tips. 1. Don’t Underestimate the SAT/ACT or TOEFL Doing well on standardized tests is important for all college applicants, and it becomes even more significant for international students in the USA. The TOEFL shows admissions officers that you have the reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills to succeed in college-level classes. The SAT and ACT, furthermore, show your academic skills and college readiness. These tests are meant to measure students on a level playing field, regardless of differences in individual high schools and curriculum (though of course, how well they do this is a matter of debate). Admissions officers may be unfamiliar with your school abroad, so they especially rely on these test scores to make sure you have college-ready skills. As discussed above, you should set aside several months to prep for each test and leave yourself additional test dates if you want to retest and achieve your target scores. If your sights are set on a U.S. college, then make sure you have the SAT or ACT and TOEFL scores to compete with other applicants. 2. Remember that Many Colleges Use a Holistic Process While test scores are important, remember that they’re not the only part of your application. Many colleges use a holistic process to admit students, in which they consider your personal qualities and impact in your school community. Admissions officers want to learn about your interests and pursuits in and out of school. They’re interested in your extracurricular involvements and any leadership positions. They want to see if you’ve done community service, volunteered, or worked a part-time or summer job. They also gain a sense of your role in your school community through your letters of recommendation. Admissions officers tend to be more impressed by deep involvement in a few areas than scattered participation in many areas. You might keep this in mind as you move through high school and choose your activities, as well as when you describe your involvements on your application. Ultimately, applying to college requires a lot of self-reflection about your identity and goals for the future. Think about what’s important to you and what you hope to achieve. Then, reflect this self-awareness through your essays and application as a whole. 3. Plan Early! Finally, the importance of planning early cannot be emphasized enough! There are a lot of moving parts that go into a college application, and none of them can be completed in a short time frame. Admissions officers are interested in all four years of high school, so planning early willhelp you make informed choices about your courses and involvements. For instance, you should try to challenge yourself in one or more upper-level classes and stick with an activity or two throughout your time in high school. Follow your interests and you may have a sense of what subject you’d like to choose as your major once you arrive at college. In the end, you college application will tell a story to admissions officers about your high school experience and identity. By planning early, you can make the most of these years with a goal-oriented, proactive mindset. All of your hard work will pay off when you send off a great college application that gets you accepted into your dream school! What’s Next? Are you figuring out where to apply to college? This guide will help you research colleges and find the best ones for you. Will you be taking the TOEFL and the SAT? Check out this comprehensive guide to learn about the TOEFL and SAT and how to prepare for both. Are you getting ready for the SAT? To help you prepare, we’ve compiled our best articles in the Ultimate Study Guide for the SAT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Compare and contrast management interviews Essay

Compare and contrast management interviews - Essay Example Many of us conducted this management interview with managers from different company departments. This paper therefore compares and contrasts the responses that were given by these managers. Different questionnaires reported different management day-to-day duties. Whereas managers carry the same title, their daily job roles are significantly diversified. The roles span from employee supervision, sales management, overseeing production, as well as general office management. Some managers are required to deliver short-term results whereas others are evaluated annually. The interviews also point to the different management levels by different managers. Seemingly, management levels determine the kind of daily tasks performed by the managers. Some of the highlighted goals include meeting daily sales margins, product delivery targets, meeting production line efficiencies. Others set weekly goals where one manager aims to keep everything in order by making sure errors stay to the minimum. Another one sets a monthly goal of managing real-estate by controlling and managing rent expenses on building company leases. However, daily, weekly and monthly targets pile up accumulatively to become annual targets for the organization. The interviews showed that different managers have different goal achieving strategies. For instance, there is a manager who has a strategy of doing paperwork in the morning, another has a strategy of ensuring the employees are properly trained and they are also cross-trained, another one writes down the goals and objectives and gives them to individual employees, and another one ensures customer gets satisfied. One manager pointed to giving incentives to well performing employees as a way of pushing individual employees to meet goals and targets. Yet, others went to an extent of outsourcing challenging tasks to other vendors in